L. Reyna, J.R. Soběhart
Journal of Applied Physics
Phase transitions of trapped particles and ions, observed initially in 1959 by collisional cooling and recently by laser cooling, are explained as order-chaos transitions. Here, two trapped Ba+ ions are examined experimentally and by computer solution of the equations of motion. The ordered state, quasiperiodic with two frequencies, becomes chaotic when a bifurcation introduces a third frequency at a critical value of a control parameter. This route evolves from the nonlinear Coulomb coupling of the ion pair's axial and radial motions, displaying frequency locking and hysteresis, which is observed. © 1988 The American Physical Society.
L. Reyna, J.R. Soběhart
Journal of Applied Physics
G.W. Burr, H. Coufal, et al.
SPIE Optical Science and Technology 2000
J.R. Soběhart, L. Reyna
Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena
G.J. Milburn, M. Levenson, et al.
Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics